Public Monuments in Kemalist and Post-kemalist Turkey - Klaus Kreiser
"A society that suddenly wants to raise statues is a changing society. " (B, Anderson)"
"The Monument of Freedom is the only significant monument in pre-Republican Istanbul."
Heykelin, esas olarak Osmanlı’ya gelişinin Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde (1861- 76), Sultan’ın, Charles Fuller’e yaptırdığı büstü (1871) ve Atlı Heykeli (1872) ile gerçekleştiği kabul edilmektedir. Ancak Abdülaziz döneminden önce de birtakım uygulamalar görülmüş, 19. yüzyılda imparatorluğun çeşitli yerlerine figürsüz anıtlar dikilmiştir. Osmanlı döneminde 1882 yılında Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi’nin açılması heykel eğitiminin kurumsallaşmasını sağlamıştır. Ancak bu dönemden Cumhuriyet’in kuruluşuna kadar az sayıda heykeltıraşın yetiştiği görülmektedir.
Tanzimat Monuments
- 1833 İstanbul-Beykoz: Hünkar İskelesi Treaty
- 1840 İstanbul-Gülhane: Hatt-i Sherif monument in Istanbul, Gaspare Fossati (not realized)
- 1855 Paris Exposition: Paris Exposition, Artin Bilezikçi
Abdülhamid II (1876-1908)
1- Haifa monument (1902): Commemoration of the transfer of the Haifa-Damascus railway from a private company to Ottoman hands
2- Telegraph Column in Damascus (1905): Commemoration of the finishing of the telegraph line between the Syrian capital and the holy sites in the Hijaz +stephan weber
Young Turk Revolution (1908)
1- Ábide-i Hürriyet ("Monument of Freedom") 1908:
"..In this way the Âbide-i Hürriyet assumed the double function of secularised (or at least de-islamised) şehîdlik (martyrium, or monument for those who died in battle) and Constitution column"
2- Tayyare §ehîdleri Âbidesi ("Monument to the Victims of the Air") 1910:
"a martyrium, this time commemorating three Turkish officers who had lost their lives when their planes crashed somewhere between Istanbul and Cairo in February and March 1914 - the first Turkish victims of modem aviation"
3- Agricultural Monument (1916): "Muzaffer Bey erected another monument in the provincial town of Konya as a tribute to the agricultural wealth of the region. It was crowned ten years (1926) later with a statue of Mustafa Kemal as allegorical protector of the fruits of the earth"
-RELIGIOUS BAN: "An application of the municipality of Basra to erect a statue for the "father of the 1876 constitution" Midhat Pasha (1822-82) was turned down on the basis of a fatwa issued by the mufti of Beirut against figural sculpture"
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1920-1938)
During a discussion with teachers in Bursa (January 1923) Mustafa Kemal refers to the representation of Osman Gazi -erected in Koçhisar by the vali of Sivas Ahmed Mu'ammer (1875-1928), during the World War- as a beautiful statue. However during his life time public monuments where almost exclusively devoted to Mustafa Kemal's own immortalising.
"Kentsel mekanda yer alan ilk büst Sivas'ın Hafik ilçesinde 1915-16'da dikilen (1936'da kaymakam tarafından kaldırtılan) Osman Bey büstüdür." (Yeşilkaya (2002)
http://www.hafik.bel.tr/resim-galerisi/hafik-ilcemizden-kareler#!prettyPhoto
"Siyasi liderin kentsel mekanda temsili ilk olarak Atatürk ile gerçekleşecektir." (Yeşilkaya (2002)
- First Atatürk Monument (1926) İstanbul-Sarayburnu/Heinrich Krippel
https://isteataturk.com/g/icerik/Sarayburnu-Ataturk-Aniti-Istanbul/1007
- 1927 Ankara/Krippel
- 1927 Ankara Etnography Museum/Canonica
- 1927 Ankara Victory Square (Zafer Meydanı) Monument/Canonica
- 1928 İstanbul-Taksim/Canonica
- 1935 Ankara Confidence (Güven) Monument/Hanak&Thorak
Halkevleri+Atatürk Monuments: Bursa Halkevi (1938), Zonguldak Halkevi (1933)
Non-Atatürk Monuments
1- Şehit Sancaktar Mehmetçik Memorial (1924-27)
https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/kutahya/gezilecekyer/seht--sancaktar--mehmetck--aniti
Falih Rıfkı Atay (1924): "The pilgrimage (ziyaret) to Dumlupinar is the hacc of the Turks. Whosoever has the capacity would circumambulate this place. The hearts of all Turks are every day turned towards this direction of prayer (kible) "
Zekeriya Sertel's proposal for the Unknown Soldier Monument (1925):
"Although never realised Zekeriyas vision corresponds more or less to the 19th century European "Nationaldenkmal" as a direct continuation of religious cults with patriotic masses. "
"Although it is difficult to say why the idea of an Unknown Soldier was not very popular
(did it conflict with the religious concept of personal martyrdom?), it is clear that during Atatürk's lifetime statues of other personalities were not erected."
"An illustration for the caution to commission sculptures of other personalities is the case of the bust of poet Tevfik Fikret (1867-1915) in the Galata-Serail. According to Ziyad Ebüzziya the bust was unveiled in 1931 as the first sculpture that broke the monopoly of Atatürk."
2- Menemen Memorial (1934)
"An important exception from the rule is the Menemem-Memorial which was inaugurated
as a tribute to the Republican martyr Kubilay in 1934. It is an important proof for the Kemalist belief in the didactic qualities of statuary."
Nadir Nadi (1931): "You know better than me that the statues, which are in all the streets of European towns and cities are not made as playthings or ornaments (oyuncak olsun, sus olsmi). They exert an influence on the population which is much stronger then the inculcation (telkin) of the schools. As soon as a bronze monument of Kubilay rises at the govemment square in Menemen to nobodies mind will recur to erect a green banner any more at those places."
"They were convinced that public sculpture played a deeper impact on public opinion than contemporary propaganda tools such as radio and cinema."
3- Barbaros Memorial (1944)
"It is indeed the first realisation of one of the "great men" (eâzim) whose statues where only visible in Egypt but not in Ottoman Turkey."
- Mimar Sinan Statue (1956)
"Realised in front of Bruno Tauts building of the Faculty of Language, History and Geography in Ankara."
- İnönü Monuments (1940, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948)
"İnönü statues are not absent in Turkey. The first was erected in the garden of the Faculty
of Agriculture in Ankara (1940) and there is one, of course, in his native town of Malatya (1947). In the late fifties some of his busts (at least one in Bafra 1958) were replaced by Atatürks head." The monument for Taksim Gezi Park (İnönü Gezisi) (1944) was erected in 1982 in front of his home in Maçka.
+ Erzincan Heykeli (1948): http://mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/~avni/ERZiNCAN/heykel/index.htm
+ Mudanya (1946) http://www.dergibursa.com.tr/ebedi-bir-bengutas-sabiha-bengutas-mudanya-mutareke-aniti/
- Mehmed II. Fatih Monuments (1977,1987)
"The decision to erect a statue for Mehmed II. Fatih in Istanbul dates back to 1941, when
first preparations for the 500 year commemorations were made. However the first full scale monument for Fatih was a work of Tankut Öktem (1940-) for the municipality of Bayrampa§a finished in 1977."
Fatih İtfaiye'deki uçan atlı fatih (1987) by Hüseyin Gezer
- "In 1964 the daily Milliyet organized a competition for non-Atatürk statues in eleven provincial towns." ??? Klaus Kreiser yine sıçtı..: https://teyit.org/gorselin-milliyet-gazetesinin-ataturk-putu-kampanyasi-kupurunu-gosterdigi-iddiasi/
-"Kamusal alanda özgün heykel uygulamaları, 1960’lı yıllara kadar gerçekleşmemiştir. 1960’ta Semahat Acuner tarafından Beyazıt Meydanı’na yapılan Hürriyet Anıtı, 1966 ve 1968’de Kuzgun Acar tarafından Ankara Emek İşhanı’na yapılan Türkiye ve İstanbul İMÇ Blokları’na yapılan Kuşlar rölyefleri, İstanbul ve Ankara’nın bu anlamdaki ilk örnekleri olmuşlardır." (Sönmez, 2015)
-1965: ODTÜ atatürk anıtı yarışması:
http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/4/325/4641.pdf
-"Kamusal alan heykellerinin özgün gelişimi açısından en önemli uygulamalardan biri, 1973 yılında, Cumhuriyet’İn 50. yılını kutlamak amacıyla yaptırılan “20 Heykel” projesidir. Proje kapsamında Füsun Onur, Haluk Tezonar, Seyhun Topuz, Metin Haseki gibi pek çok sanatçı heykel üretmiş, bu heykeller parklara ve meydanlara yerleştirilmiştir" (Sönmez, 2015)
-1973: CUMHURİYETİN 50. YILINDA ATATÜRK BÜSTLERİ YARIŞMASI:
http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/2/281/3928.pdf
-1978: Millet meclisi vakfı atatürk anıtı yarışması:
http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/2/263/3651.pdf
http://www.asosindex.com/cache/articles/turkiye-buyuk-millet-meclisi-nde-yer-alan-ataturk-aniti-uzerine-bir-okuma-ideallestirilenden-gerceklestirilene-f2503.pdf
- Sıhhiye hitit anıtı
- güzel istanbul ve diğerleri
- işçi anıtı
http://besiktasgorselsanatlar.com/kategori/acik-alan-heykelleri/7
- Adıyaman Heykeli
https://teyit.org/adiyamanda-ataturk-heykeline-saldirdigi-belirtilen-kisinin-suriyeli-oldugu-iddiasi/
https://teyit.org/gorselin-milliyet-gazetesinin-ataturk-putu-kampanyasi-kupurunu-gosterdigi-iddiasi/
https://www.samsunkavak.bel.tr/proje/yasar-dogu-anit-park-ve-heykeli
"If Atatürk was the original source of inspiration for a Fatih memorial he must have
changed his mind considerable"
---Boğazda dr.mim.'ın dev heykeli?
"The Monument of Freedom is the only significant monument in pre-Republican Istanbul."
Heykelin, esas olarak Osmanlı’ya gelişinin Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde (1861- 76), Sultan’ın, Charles Fuller’e yaptırdığı büstü (1871) ve Atlı Heykeli (1872) ile gerçekleştiği kabul edilmektedir. Ancak Abdülaziz döneminden önce de birtakım uygulamalar görülmüş, 19. yüzyılda imparatorluğun çeşitli yerlerine figürsüz anıtlar dikilmiştir. Osmanlı döneminde 1882 yılında Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi’nin açılması heykel eğitiminin kurumsallaşmasını sağlamıştır. Ancak bu dönemden Cumhuriyet’in kuruluşuna kadar az sayıda heykeltıraşın yetiştiği görülmektedir.
Tanzimat Monuments
- 1833 İstanbul-Beykoz: Hünkar İskelesi Treaty
- 1840 İstanbul-Gülhane: Hatt-i Sherif monument in Istanbul, Gaspare Fossati (not realized)
- 1855 Paris Exposition: Paris Exposition, Artin Bilezikçi
Abdülhamid II (1876-1908)
1- Haifa monument (1902): Commemoration of the transfer of the Haifa-Damascus railway from a private company to Ottoman hands
2- Telegraph Column in Damascus (1905): Commemoration of the finishing of the telegraph line between the Syrian capital and the holy sites in the Hijaz +stephan weber
Young Turk Revolution (1908)
1- Ábide-i Hürriyet ("Monument of Freedom") 1908:
"..In this way the Âbide-i Hürriyet assumed the double function of secularised (or at least de-islamised) şehîdlik (martyrium, or monument for those who died in battle) and Constitution column"
2- Tayyare §ehîdleri Âbidesi ("Monument to the Victims of the Air") 1910:
"a martyrium, this time commemorating three Turkish officers who had lost their lives when their planes crashed somewhere between Istanbul and Cairo in February and March 1914 - the first Turkish victims of modem aviation"
3- Agricultural Monument (1916): "Muzaffer Bey erected another monument in the provincial town of Konya as a tribute to the agricultural wealth of the region. It was crowned ten years (1926) later with a statue of Mustafa Kemal as allegorical protector of the fruits of the earth"
-RELIGIOUS BAN: "An application of the municipality of Basra to erect a statue for the "father of the 1876 constitution" Midhat Pasha (1822-82) was turned down on the basis of a fatwa issued by the mufti of Beirut against figural sculpture"
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1920-1938)
During a discussion with teachers in Bursa (January 1923) Mustafa Kemal refers to the representation of Osman Gazi -erected in Koçhisar by the vali of Sivas Ahmed Mu'ammer (1875-1928), during the World War- as a beautiful statue. However during his life time public monuments where almost exclusively devoted to Mustafa Kemal's own immortalising.
"Kentsel mekanda yer alan ilk büst Sivas'ın Hafik ilçesinde 1915-16'da dikilen (1936'da kaymakam tarafından kaldırtılan) Osman Bey büstüdür." (Yeşilkaya (2002)
http://www.hafik.bel.tr/resim-galerisi/hafik-ilcemizden-kareler#!prettyPhoto
"Siyasi liderin kentsel mekanda temsili ilk olarak Atatürk ile gerçekleşecektir." (Yeşilkaya (2002)
- First Atatürk Monument (1926) İstanbul-Sarayburnu/Heinrich Krippel
https://isteataturk.com/g/icerik/Sarayburnu-Ataturk-Aniti-Istanbul/1007
- 1927 Ankara/Krippel
- 1927 Ankara Etnography Museum/Canonica
- 1927 Ankara Victory Square (Zafer Meydanı) Monument/Canonica
- 1928 İstanbul-Taksim/Canonica
- 1935 Ankara Confidence (Güven) Monument/Hanak&Thorak
Halkevleri+Atatürk Monuments: Bursa Halkevi (1938), Zonguldak Halkevi (1933)
Non-Atatürk Monuments
1- Şehit Sancaktar Mehmetçik Memorial (1924-27)
https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/kutahya/gezilecekyer/seht--sancaktar--mehmetck--aniti
Falih Rıfkı Atay (1924): "The pilgrimage (ziyaret) to Dumlupinar is the hacc of the Turks. Whosoever has the capacity would circumambulate this place. The hearts of all Turks are every day turned towards this direction of prayer (kible) "
Zekeriya Sertel's proposal for the Unknown Soldier Monument (1925):
"Although never realised Zekeriyas vision corresponds more or less to the 19th century European "Nationaldenkmal" as a direct continuation of religious cults with patriotic masses. "
"Although it is difficult to say why the idea of an Unknown Soldier was not very popular
(did it conflict with the religious concept of personal martyrdom?), it is clear that during Atatürk's lifetime statues of other personalities were not erected."
"An illustration for the caution to commission sculptures of other personalities is the case of the bust of poet Tevfik Fikret (1867-1915) in the Galata-Serail. According to Ziyad Ebüzziya the bust was unveiled in 1931 as the first sculpture that broke the monopoly of Atatürk."
2- Menemen Memorial (1934)
"An important exception from the rule is the Menemem-Memorial which was inaugurated
as a tribute to the Republican martyr Kubilay in 1934. It is an important proof for the Kemalist belief in the didactic qualities of statuary."
Nadir Nadi (1931): "You know better than me that the statues, which are in all the streets of European towns and cities are not made as playthings or ornaments (oyuncak olsun, sus olsmi). They exert an influence on the population which is much stronger then the inculcation (telkin) of the schools. As soon as a bronze monument of Kubilay rises at the govemment square in Menemen to nobodies mind will recur to erect a green banner any more at those places."
"They were convinced that public sculpture played a deeper impact on public opinion than contemporary propaganda tools such as radio and cinema."
3- Barbaros Memorial (1944)
"It is indeed the first realisation of one of the "great men" (eâzim) whose statues where only visible in Egypt but not in Ottoman Turkey."
- Mimar Sinan Statue (1956)
"Realised in front of Bruno Tauts building of the Faculty of Language, History and Geography in Ankara."
- İnönü Monuments (1940, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948)
"İnönü statues are not absent in Turkey. The first was erected in the garden of the Faculty
of Agriculture in Ankara (1940) and there is one, of course, in his native town of Malatya (1947). In the late fifties some of his busts (at least one in Bafra 1958) were replaced by Atatürks head." The monument for Taksim Gezi Park (İnönü Gezisi) (1944) was erected in 1982 in front of his home in Maçka.
+ Erzincan Heykeli (1948): http://mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/~avni/ERZiNCAN/heykel/index.htm
+ Mudanya (1946) http://www.dergibursa.com.tr/ebedi-bir-bengutas-sabiha-bengutas-mudanya-mutareke-aniti/
- Mehmed II. Fatih Monuments (1977,1987)
"The decision to erect a statue for Mehmed II. Fatih in Istanbul dates back to 1941, when
first preparations for the 500 year commemorations were made. However the first full scale monument for Fatih was a work of Tankut Öktem (1940-) for the municipality of Bayrampa§a finished in 1977."
Fatih İtfaiye'deki uçan atlı fatih (1987) by Hüseyin Gezer
- "In 1964 the daily Milliyet organized a competition for non-Atatürk statues in eleven provincial towns." ??? Klaus Kreiser yine sıçtı..: https://teyit.org/gorselin-milliyet-gazetesinin-ataturk-putu-kampanyasi-kupurunu-gosterdigi-iddiasi/
-"Kamusal alanda özgün heykel uygulamaları, 1960’lı yıllara kadar gerçekleşmemiştir. 1960’ta Semahat Acuner tarafından Beyazıt Meydanı’na yapılan Hürriyet Anıtı, 1966 ve 1968’de Kuzgun Acar tarafından Ankara Emek İşhanı’na yapılan Türkiye ve İstanbul İMÇ Blokları’na yapılan Kuşlar rölyefleri, İstanbul ve Ankara’nın bu anlamdaki ilk örnekleri olmuşlardır." (Sönmez, 2015)
-1965: ODTÜ atatürk anıtı yarışması:
http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/4/325/4641.pdf
-"Kamusal alan heykellerinin özgün gelişimi açısından en önemli uygulamalardan biri, 1973 yılında, Cumhuriyet’İn 50. yılını kutlamak amacıyla yaptırılan “20 Heykel” projesidir. Proje kapsamında Füsun Onur, Haluk Tezonar, Seyhun Topuz, Metin Haseki gibi pek çok sanatçı heykel üretmiş, bu heykeller parklara ve meydanlara yerleştirilmiştir" (Sönmez, 2015)
-1973: CUMHURİYETİN 50. YILINDA ATATÜRK BÜSTLERİ YARIŞMASI:
http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/2/281/3928.pdf
-1978: Millet meclisi vakfı atatürk anıtı yarışması:
http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/2/263/3651.pdf
http://www.asosindex.com/cache/articles/turkiye-buyuk-millet-meclisi-nde-yer-alan-ataturk-aniti-uzerine-bir-okuma-ideallestirilenden-gerceklestirilene-f2503.pdf
- Sıhhiye hitit anıtı
- güzel istanbul ve diğerleri
- işçi anıtı
http://besiktasgorselsanatlar.com/kategori/acik-alan-heykelleri/7
- Adıyaman Heykeli
https://teyit.org/adiyamanda-ataturk-heykeline-saldirdigi-belirtilen-kisinin-suriyeli-oldugu-iddiasi/
https://teyit.org/gorselin-milliyet-gazetesinin-ataturk-putu-kampanyasi-kupurunu-gosterdigi-iddiasi/
https://www.samsunkavak.bel.tr/proje/yasar-dogu-anit-park-ve-heykeli
"If Atatürk was the original source of inspiration for a Fatih memorial he must have
changed his mind considerable"
---Boğazda dr.mim.'ın dev heykeli?
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